How we score

Each model gets a score from 0 to 10. It is the average of section scores (for example display, performance, battery), and each section score is built from the specs that matter for it.

For every spec we look at where the model stands among models of the same type: being better than 90% of them gives almost the full mark for that spec, being in the middle gives about half. Weights reflect how much a spec matters for buyers. Missing data does not count against a model.

Comparisons list every spec where one model is measurably better (by more than 2%), ordered by importance and size of the difference.

Score sections

• Security — Secure Element chip, Secure Element certification, 100% air-gapped, Air-gapped signing, Supply-chain & tamper protection, Secure boot, Anti-klepto (anti-exfil) signing, Brick / wipe PIN, Duress PIN / decoy wallet, Wipe after failed attempts, PIN entered on the device
• Open source — Open-source firmware, Source code available, Reproducible builds
• Bitcoin features — Multisig, BIP39 passphrase, Taproot, Miniscript, Coin control, Own node connection, Tor support, Message signing, Replace-by-fee, Silent Payments, SeedQR backup, BIP85 child seeds, Shamir backup (SLIP-39), Seed XOR
• Ease of use — Touchscreen, Colour screen, Screen size, Built-in battery, Mobile app, Desktop app, Compatible third-party wallets, Fingerprint unlock, Weight
• Connectivity — USB-C, Bluetooth, NFC, QR code camera, Animated QR (UR), microSD signing